For years, people involved in the oil and gas business have been innovating and creating ways to get accurate measurements. From extraction to delivery of those raw supplies, everyone in the enterprise has invested a great deal of effort to acquire probably the most accurate measurements.
As a outcome, scientists and engineers have been working hard to find new strategies and methods to make more environment friendly metrology techniques. Thanks to their exhausting work, the creation of various flow meters was potential and because of this, the oil and gas business continues to be sturdy at present.
These flow meters are utilized by industry (especially gas and oil) to calculate the mass flow or volume flow of fluids. Such purposes outline the capability and sort of move meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured based mostly on mass flow and quantity circulate.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore manufacturing platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we now have the circulate experience to sort out these tough jobs. Difficult oil and fuel move metering challenges corresponding to high pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our daily business. We work with many of our upstream and downstream customers to develop customized circulate options for their toughest challenges, dealing with probably the most demanding chemicals in their most distant and unsafe areas. We work with you to improve process efficiency, scale back costly manufacturing downtime, and set up real-time monitoring and management.
Table of Contents
Where and the way are oil and fuel formed?
Ultrasonic flow meter
Coriolis move meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex flow meter
Turbine move meter
Thermal move meter
Differential flow meter
Positive displacement circulate meter
Oil and gasoline circulate meter choice
Where and the way are oil and gas formed?
Before discussing the completely different flow meters generally used in the oil and fuel business, you will want to first perceive the process of how the business collects uncooked supplies.
Both of these uncooked materials exist in several geological sources. For probably the most half, natural gasoline and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone. The main cause for this is that these materials move easily through the rock, making them easier to accumulate. The capacity of the found reservoirs could be decided by their porosity, whereas the manufacturing capability is proportional to their permeability.
To start the circulate, they drill inside these rocks, which is in a position to make the fluid easier to extract. To provoke, improve or sustain circulate, water is pumped into the rocks, that are usually located underground. High pressure water is pumped into these rocks, which is able to improve the flow rate and enhance fluid extraction. A move meter referred to as an Apure electromagnetic move meter is used to accurately measure the quantity of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping just isn’t sufficient to obtain this materials. Most of the oil or gas present in impermeable rocks can’t be fashioned within the typical means. These supplies are called “unconventional hydrocarbons,” and they embody shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gas. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation should be stimulated to begin out the move and enable the extraction process. To do this, a technique known as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mixture of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the excessive stress, small cracks (fractures) are created, which will allow the fabric to move freely inside the inspiration. Hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by inflicting these fractures to open to permit the fabric to maneuver, which is the place the sand is available in; opening these fractures, leading to excessive permeability. To precisely measure the blending of fracturing fluid and components within the mixture, Apure’s electromagnetic flow meters are used.
Now that we now have defined an outline of how the oil and fuel trade will get these raw materials, the subsequent step is to understand how they are measured using various kinds of metering methods.
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Ultrasonic move meters measure the speed of a fluid flowing by way of a pipe by using sound waves. Once the velocity of the fluid slowly increases, a linear change in its frequency becomes apparent.
Ultrasonic circulate meters can be utilized to measure the move rate of fluids inside and outside of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, while the clamp-on mannequin makes use of a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on fashions are less correct than inline fashions. As a end result, they are only used for spot checks to obtain instant measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and other flowmeters designed for crude oil can be utilized to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is suitable for many various things and is durable. Not to say, it requires little or no maintenance.
Coriolis move meter
The technology utilized in Coriolis move meters just isn’t the most recent in measuring pure substances in the oil and fuel industry. The first industrial patents for Coriolis flow meters date back to the 1950s. However, it was not till 1970 that the appliance of this technology on this area began. Until now, nothing has changed, despite enhancements to the meters for more correct measurements.
One of the original designs of the flow meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very correct; nevertheless, the practicality of the mannequin was the primary problem because of its vibration downside. To remedy this drawback, the design was modified to a two-tube design as an alternative of one.
Despite going by way of completely different designs, the main principle of Coriolis circulate meters by no means modified. As material flows through them, inertia is created via the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The variety of twists is proportional to the mass circulate rate. diaphragm seal is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to supply a linear flow signal.
There are several benefits to using a Coriolis move meter. One of them is that it is very correct. These flow meters are more commonly used to measure numerous petroleum products corresponding to crude oil and natural gasoline. The primary point of the move meter is that it primarily measures mass circulate somewhat than volume. It is finest suited for measuring petroleum products because the principle concern in measuring these merchandise is heat quite than volume.
Typically, this kind of flow meter is suitable for pipes with diameters of 1 to 4 inches. Today, nevertheless, bigger fashions are more readily available than ever before. The solely disadvantage of the Coriolis flowmeter may be that it’s costlier than other types of metering methods. This is value it as a result of it’s cheaper to maintain up than other move meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic move meter is based on Faraday’s regulation of electromagnetic induction principle of producing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement precept could be seen in its limitations: can not measure steam and gasoline, the measured medium have to be conductive, and the conductivity cannot be less than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it could measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, corresponding to pulp, slurry, sewage, and so forth.. No pressure loss caused by move detection, giant circulate vary, big selection of caliber, for large diameter pipeline can be used insertion sort electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and working temperature to decide on the appropriate electrode and lining materials.
Vortex flow meter
One of probably the most versatile flow meters, the vortex move meter, can easily measure the move of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years past, vortex flowmeters lacked the necessary approvals to be used in business. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute permitted a draft commonplace for the use of this flowmeter. Since that time, a number of firms within the trade have been actively working with API to additional develop the usual and its approval.
The commonplace is applicable to liquid, vapor and fuel flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there is an uncertain future, the design is clear for the presence of gases and liquids. In recent years, vortex flowmeters have had a restricted influence available on the market, but the choice for future companies is steadily growing. However, as a result of other opponents such as ultrasonic, differential strain and turbine circulate meters, it has had little influence on the gasoline trade delivery market.
Turbine circulate meter
Turbine circulate meters use a mechanical rotor which is hooked up to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the amount of the gas, fluid or steam passing through the pipe. As the substance passes via the pipe, the rotor rotates at its pace, relying on the speed at which the substance is passing through the pipe. The rotational velocity resulting from the rotation of the rotor is decided by the use of a sensor or other mechanical method.
Typically, magnetism is used to allow the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet positioned on the skin of the pipe. Through using a sign, the sensor and transmitter decide the quantity of material flowing in the pipe.
Turbine move meters are very inexpensive when it comes to pricing. In addition, they offer extra accurate results when the substance being measured is a gasoline or some other materials that is free of debris at low circulate charges.
One disadvantage of utilizing a turbine flowmeter is that it does not adapt nicely to altering circulate charges, because the mechanical parts can wear heavily and must be changed immediately. In addition, turbine meters work finest when measuring the mass of a fuel with unknown traits.
In addition to its uses, it is generally used as a billing meter to measure fuel or water in commercial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, however, it competes with volumetric flow meters. The latter is extra appropriate for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, while the turbine circulate meter is finest suited for pipes of 10 inches or more in measurement.
Thermal flow meter
In its major sense, a thermal move meter measures the rate at which warmth dissipates as it’s injected directly into a fuel stream. In most cases, thermal flow meters are used exclusively to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation depends on the composition and temperature of the fuel. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this degree of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is the finest choice.
Differential flow meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic flow meter, it also measures the flow via the pipe. It differs from different flowmeters in that it makes use of Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential move meters use constriction to slow the move and strain of material in the pipe.
As the flow stress slowly will increase, the magnitude of the pressure drop increases proportionally. The information from this event is transmitted over totally different units of stress readings. Using this info, it is possible to calculate the stress differential to measure the volumetric flow rate.
Differential circulate meters are normally low-cost. And there are also different versions for various substances to make correct measurements for every fluid. However, gases are a special case as a end result of so as to get accurate readings for a particular gasoline, differential move meters should be utilized in combination with different sensors for different elements such as temperature, pressure, gas composition and gasoline density.
Although it is a wonderful flowmeter in its personal right, trade prefers different forms of metering techniques. This is especially due to its inaccuracy in terms of other factors corresponding to temperature, strain, and so on. In addition, in order to obtain the most correct fuel measurements, it needs to be used in combination with other sensors or a special version of differential pressure flowmeter altogether. Due to the above elements, it is troublesome to acquire accurate readings. This is principally the reason why the oil and fuel industry prefers other types of metering, particularly when dealing with gases.
Positive displacement circulate meter
There are different varieties of constructive displacement circulate meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric circulate meters can be utilized for a selection of issues involving commercial, industrial and residential purposes. They are most commonly used to measure gas circulate. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at dealing with a gentle flow in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are sometimes used to measure fuel circulate. The latter is preferred over rivals corresponding to Coriolis flowmeters, primarily because volumetric flowmeters don’t have the industry approvals required for field functions.
Oil and gas flow meter choice
The major elements to contemplate in selecting an acceptable flowmeter include: fluid traits, flowmeter characteristics necessities, set up conditions, environmental conditions, and cost.
In addition, the choice of move meters can’t absolutely pursue excessive performance and high precision, which not solely increases the acquisition value, but additionally will increase the cost of spare parts. It is also necessary to consider the calibration and upkeep of flow meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid move is the premise for guaranteeing the security of petrochemical manufacturing process, improving product quality and reducing power consumption. Due to the complexity and diversity of flow measurement media, there is no common sort of flowmeter, no flowmeter could be utilized to any different circumstances of all types of media. Each kind of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, totally different ideas, completely different buildings, different functions of the flowmeter in their respective relevant scope play a task. Therefore, the number of flowmeter needs to observe the standard specifications and choice principles at the identical time comprehensive consideration of varied elements affecting circulate measurement.
Extended reading:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic circulate meter working principle
Liquid circulate meter
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For years, people concerned within the oil and fuel industry have been innovating and creating ways to get correct measurements. From extraction to delivery of these raw supplies, everyone within the enterprise has invested a great deal of effort to obtain the most correct measurements.
As a result, scientists and engineers have been working hard to seek out new methods and strategies to make more environment friendly metrology systems. Thanks to their hard work, the creation of different flow meters was attainable and because of this, the oil and gasoline trade continues to be strong today.
These flow meters are used by industry (especially gasoline and oil) to calculate the mass move or quantity flow of fluids. Such purposes define the capacity and sort of flow meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured based on mass flow and quantity move.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we’ve the circulate experience to deal with these tough jobs. Difficult oil and gas move metering challenges such as excessive pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our every day enterprise. We work with a lot of our upstream and downstream prospects to develop custom move solutions for their toughest challenges, handling essentially the most demanding chemicals in their most distant and unsafe areas. We work with you to enhance course of efficiency, scale back costly manufacturing downtime, and set up real-time monitoring and management.
Table of Contents
Where and the way are oil and gasoline formed?
Ultrasonic move meter
Coriolis move meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex move meter
Turbine circulate meter
Thermal flow meter
Differential circulate meter
Positive displacement flow meter
Oil and fuel circulate meter selection
Where and the way are oil and fuel formed?
Before discussing the completely different flow meters generally used within the oil and gas trade, it is essential to first perceive the process of how the industry collects raw materials.
Both of these uncooked supplies exist in numerous geological sources. For essentially the most half, pure gas and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The main reason for that is that these materials move simply by way of the rock, making them simpler to build up. The capability of the discovered reservoirs can be determined by their porosity, whereas the production capability is proportional to their permeability.
To start the flow, they drill inside these rocks, which is in a position to make the fluid easier to extract. To initiate, increase or maintain move, water is pumped into the rocks, that are often positioned underground. High strain water is pumped into these rocks, which will increase the circulate fee and improve fluid extraction. A move meter called an Apure electromagnetic flow meter is used to accurately measure the quantity of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping is not adequate to acquire this material. Most of the oil or fuel present in impermeable rocks cannot be fashioned in the typical means. These supplies are referred to as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” and they include shale oil, coalbed methane and shale fuel. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation ought to be stimulated to begin the move and allow the extraction process. To do that, a technique referred to as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a combination of sand and water is pumped into the rock. เกจวัดแรงดัน to the high strain, small cracks (fractures) are created, which can allow the material to move freely inside the foundation. Hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by causing these fractures to open to allow the fabric to maneuver, which is where the sand is available in; opening these fractures, leading to high permeability. To accurately measure the blending of fracturing fluid and additives in the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic circulate meters are used.
Now that we’ve defined an summary of how the oil and fuel trade will get these uncooked supplies, the subsequent step is to grasp how they’re measured utilizing various sorts of metering techniques.
Ultrasonic flow meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the velocity of a fluid flowing by way of a pipe by using sound waves. Once the velocity of the fluid slowly will increase, a linear change in its frequency turns into obvious.
Ultrasonic circulate meters can be utilized to measure the circulate price of fluids inside and outdoors of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, while the clamp-on model uses a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on models are much less correct than inline fashions. As a result, they’re only used for spot checks to acquire quick measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and different flowmeters designed for crude oil can be used to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is suitable for many different things and is sturdy. Not to mention, it requires very little maintenance.
Coriolis move meter
The expertise utilized in Coriolis flow meters just isn’t the latest in measuring natural substances within the oil and gasoline trade. The first industrial patents for Coriolis circulate meters date again to the 1950s. However, it was not till 1970 that the applying of this expertise on this area began. Until now, nothing has modified, regardless of improvements to the meters for extra accurate measurements.
One of the unique designs of the flow meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very correct; however, the practicality of the model was the first problem because of its vibration downside. To remedy this drawback, the design was changed to a two-tube design instead of 1.
Despite going by way of completely different designs, the primary principle of Coriolis flow meters never modified. As materials flows through them, inertia is created through the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The number of twists is proportional to the mass move price. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to provide a linear circulate sign.
There are several advantages to utilizing a Coriolis circulate meter. One of them is that it is extremely correct. These flow meters are extra generally used to measure varied petroleum merchandise corresponding to crude oil and pure gas. The major point of the move meter is that it primarily measures mass move somewhat than quantity. It is greatest suited for measuring petroleum merchandise as a end result of the main concern in measuring these products is warmth somewhat than volume.
Typically, this sort of flow meter is suitable for pipes with diameters of 1 to 4 inches. Today, however, bigger models are extra available than ever before. The only drawback of the Coriolis flowmeter may be that it is costlier than different kinds of metering techniques. This is worth it as a end result of it is inexpensive to take care of than other flow meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic flow meter relies on Faraday’s legislation of electromagnetic induction principle of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle can be seen in its limitations: can’t measure steam and gasoline, the measured medium have to be conductive, and the conductivity can’t be lower than 5μs/cm. Its advantage is that it could measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, such as pulp, slurry, sewage, and so forth.. No stress loss brought on by flow detection, giant move range, big selection of caliber, for large diameter pipeline can be used insertion kind electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and working temperature to choose on the appropriate electrode and lining materials.
Vortex flow meter
One of probably the most versatile move meters, the vortex flow meter, can simply measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years past, vortex flowmeters lacked the required approvals for use in industry. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute approved a draft normal for the usage of this flowmeter. Since that time, several corporations in the trade have been actively working with API to further develop the usual and its approval.
The commonplace is applicable to liquid, vapor and gasoline flows and was expanded for additional use in 2010. Although there’s an uncertain future, the design is clear for the presence of gases and liquids. In latest years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited impact on the market, but the preference for future firms is steadily increasing. However, as a end result of different competitors similar to ultrasonic, differential stress and turbine circulate meters, it has had little influence on the gas trade delivery market.
Turbine flow meter
Turbine flow meters use a mechanical rotor which is hooked up to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the volume of the gasoline, fluid or steam passing via the pipe. As the substance passes through the pipe, the rotor rotates at its velocity, depending on the pace at which the substance is passing via the pipe. The rotational pace resulting from the rotation of the rotor is decided by means of a sensor or other mechanical method.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet situated on the outside of the pipe. Through the utilization of a sign, the sensor and transmitter decide the amount of fabric flowing in the pipe.
Turbine flow meters are very inexpensive when it comes to pricing. In addition, they offer extra correct outcomes when the substance being measured is a gasoline or some other materials that is freed from particles at low circulate rates.
One disadvantage of utilizing a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt properly to changing move rates, because the mechanical elements can put on closely and need to be changed immediately. In addition, turbine meters work greatest when measuring the mass of a gasoline with unknown traits.
In addition to its uses, it is generally used as a billing meter to measure gas or water in commercial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, nonetheless, it competes with volumetric flow meters. The latter is more appropriate for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, whereas the turbine circulate meter is greatest suited for pipes of 10 inches or more in dimension.
Thermal flow meter
In its major sense, a thermal flow meter measures the rate at which warmth dissipates as it is injected instantly right into a gas stream. In most cases, thermal flow meters are used solely to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation is determined by the composition and temperature of the gasoline. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this degree of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is your greatest option.
Differential move meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic move meter, it additionally measures the circulate by way of the pipe. It differs from other flowmeters in that it uses Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential flow meters use constriction to sluggish the flow and stress of fabric within the pipe.
As the move pressure slowly increases, the magnitude of the stress drop increases proportionally. The data from this event is transmitted over completely different units of pressure readings. Using this information, it’s possible to calculate the strain differential to measure the volumetric circulate price.
Differential flow meters are often low-cost. And there are also totally different variations for various substances to make correct measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a special case as a result of in order to get accurate readings for a particular gas, differential move meters ought to be utilized in combination with different sensors for various factors corresponding to temperature, strain, fuel composition and gasoline density.
Although it is an excellent flowmeter in its own right, industry prefers different kinds of metering systems. This is principally as a outcome of its inaccuracy when it comes to other factors similar to temperature, strain, etc. In addition, in order to get hold of essentially the most accurate fuel measurements, it needs to be utilized in mixture with other sensors or a unique version of differential strain flowmeter altogether. Due to the above components, it is tough to obtain correct readings. This is especially the rationale why the oil and gasoline trade prefers other types of metering, particularly when dealing with gases.
Positive displacement move meter
There are several sorts of constructive displacement move meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric circulate meters can be utilized for quite so much of things involving business, industrial and residential applications. They are mostly used to measure fuel circulate. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters in this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at dealing with a steady circulate in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are sometimes used to measure fuel circulate. The latter is preferred over opponents corresponding to Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a result of volumetric flowmeters do not have the industry approvals required for field purposes.
Oil and gasoline circulate meter selection
The main elements to suppose about in selecting a suitable flowmeter embrace: fluid traits, flowmeter traits requirements, installation situations, environmental circumstances, and price.
In addition, the selection of circulate meters can not totally pursue high efficiency and excessive precision, which not only will increase the purchase value, but also increases the price of spare parts. It can also be essential to think about the calibration and upkeep of flow meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid move is the basis for guaranteeing the safety of petrochemical manufacturing course of, bettering product quality and decreasing energy consumption. Due to the complexity and diversity of circulate measurement media, there isn’t a common type of flowmeter, no flowmeter could be applied to any totally different circumstances of all kinds of media. Each type of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, totally different ideas, totally different constructions, completely different functions of the flowmeter of their respective applicable scope play a role. Therefore, the selection of flowmeter must observe the usual specifications and choice ideas at the similar time comprehensive consideration of varied components affecting circulate measurement.
Extended reading:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic circulate meter working principle
Liquid move meter