Temperature, as a fundamental and important environmental parameter, is the temperature vary inside which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the performance of some electronic circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal function in experimentation and engineering, and quite a lot of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering functions.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts warmth (temperature) right into a readable kind similar to an electrical sign corresponding to present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument shut up in industry zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical area
Environmental monitoring
Electronic tools
Food and beverage trade
Pharmaceutical trade
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical sign. They include two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature changes. Temperature sensor work is based on measuring the voltage across the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature increases accordingly, at which point there’s a decrease in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that should be in direct contact with the item to be measured so as to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize completely different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can replicate the temperature of the thing to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly utilized in industrial, automotive, and everyday household applications. Because they are self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response times, and may function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two totally different metallic wires wound collectively to supply a voltage change between the two metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are produced from a quantity of completely different supplies, allowing temperature sensors to measure different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are additionally designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, similar to an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are normally made from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass surface, which is why they are cheaper and fewer accurate than RTDs. There are two major types of thermistors: constructive temperature coefficient (PTC) and unfavorable temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest kind and are characterized by a lower in resistance as the temperature increases. This is because at higher temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor materials will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and standard thermistors have an operating range as high as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer items with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are normally made of pure metals, especially platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a big temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short sufficient that resistance doesn’t affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to hold the excitation present, thus offering a way to remove line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate pressure and sense leads. This is probably the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are normally built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two identical diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature changes. IC sensors have a linear response, but they’ve the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a end result of ICs have the slowest response over a slender temperature range (- -70 °C to one hundred fifty °C).
There are two forms of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature using the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote pressure gauge : measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a tool that automatically adjusts the temperature, often based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls beneath a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling tools to hold up the desired temperature.
There are many types of thermostats obtainable, including knob-type, digital, programmable, and smart thermostats to fulfill the wants of various users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the fact that two totally different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal expansion. When the temperature changes, the two metals within the bimetal expand or contract at different rates. Since the 2 metals are tightly bound together, this distinction causes the entire bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is often made right into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature adjustments, the diploma of bimetal bending modifications, and this change may be read instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the goal floor. They rely on the thermal energy radiated by the item to measure temperature, the most typical kind being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a target object to determine its temperature. They are excellent for use when an object is shifting or the temperature is just too high or too low, as they don’t need to return into contact with the object itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in a wide variety of commercial and scientific purposes, including temperature management of electronic devices, monitoring of chemical reactions, food quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business devices
How to determine on a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have completely different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature range that must be measured, and select a sensor that can meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other important choice issue for temperature sensors. Different sensor types have totally different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have larger accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working surroundings, similar to humidity, corrosive substances, high strain and other environmental conditions.
Application: Application scenarios require a quick response to temperature adjustments, so you will want to select a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 stainless-steel rods and inside wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head styles can be found in two stem types: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are ideal for liquid applications.
How to hold up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze data
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is dependent upon your software and trade, if you have any questions about temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, be at liberty to contact Apure professional and technical team to provide an answer. We additionally supply instruments for water high quality evaluation, circulate meters, stage measurement, strain measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended studying:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a basic and critical environmental parameter, is the temperature range within which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some digital circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal function in experimentation and engineering, and quite lots of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific analysis and engineering functions.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring device. ไดอะแฟรม converts warmth (temperature) right into a readable form such as an electrical sign such as present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in industry zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical field
Environmental monitoring
Electronic equipment
Food and beverage industry
Pharmaceutical industry
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by means of an electrical signal. They include two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature changes. Temperature sensor work is based on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there’s a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that have to be in direct contact with the thing to be measured in order to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of totally different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their modifications can replicate the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and everyday family purposes. Because they are self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response instances, and might operate over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two completely different steel wires wound collectively to produce a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are made from a variety of different supplies, allowing temperature sensors to measure different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are additionally designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, just like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are usually manufactured from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass floor, which is why they are cheaper and less accurate than RTDs. There are two primary types of thermistors: constructive temperature coefficient (PTC) and unfavorable temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most typical type and are characterized by a lower in resistance as the temperature increases. This is as a outcome of at larger temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and normal thermistors have an working range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer items with a two-wire method with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to change with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are usually made from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a large temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are brief sufficient that resistance does not have an effect on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to hold the excitation present, thus providing a approach to get rid of line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is the most accurate configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher price
Long-term stabilityHigher requirements for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are usually integrated into integrated circuits (ICs). Two identical diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature changes. IC sensors have a linear response, however they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a end result of ICs have the slowest response over a slim temperature vary (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two types of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that automatically adjusts the temperature, usually based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls below a set point, the thermostat activates or shuts down heating or cooling tools to take care of the specified temperature.
There are many forms of thermostats out there, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and sensible thermostats to fulfill the needs of various users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the fact that two completely different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature modifications, the 2 metals within the bimetal broaden or contract at different rates. Since the 2 metals are tightly sure together, this difference causes the whole bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is usually made right into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature changes, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this modification can be read immediately as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the target floor. They depend on the thermal power radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the most typical kind being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are ideal for use when an object is transferring or the temperature is merely too excessive or too low, as they do not want to return into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in a wide variety of commercial and scientific functions, together with temperature management of digital devices, monitoring of chemical reactions, food quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of industrial instruments
How to determine on a temperature sensor?
Measuring vary: Different temperature sensors have different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature range that must be measured, and choose a sensor that can meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other important selection factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor types have totally different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have greater accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working surroundings, such as humidity, corrosive substances, high stress and other environmental circumstances.
Application: Application scenarios require a fast response to temperature adjustments, so it may be very important choose a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are equipped with 316 stainless-steel rods and internal wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head styles are available in two stem varieties: spring-loaded and welded. เกจวัดแรงดัน -loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for optimum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are perfect for liquid purposes.
How to maintain up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze data
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is dependent upon your utility and trade, when you have any questions on temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, be happy to contact Apure skilled and technical group to provide an answer. We additionally offer devices for water quality analysis, circulate meters, degree measurement, strain measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters